A Conceptual Model for BIM-Driven Geospatial Architecture: Rethinking Site Analysis and Spatial Intelligence in Early Design Stages
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRMME259224Keywords:
BIM-GIS Integration, Spatial Intelligence, Cognitive Load Theory, Geodesign, Digital Twins, Urban Infrastructure PlanningAbstract
This paper proposes a conceptual model for integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with geospatial intelligence to enhance early-stage architectural design and spatial decision-making in large-scale urban infrastructure planning. Grounded in cognitive load theory, geodesign, and parametric design principles, the framework addresses the complexity and fragmentation of contemporary site analysis by enabling dynamic, data-rich, and spatially sensitive workflows. The model foregrounds the synergistic use of digital twins, spatial decision support systems, and algorithmic design to improve design cognition, stakeholder engagement, and resilience planning. By emphasizing interoperability and iterative feedback loops, the framework facilitates adaptive, climate-responsive infrastructure development, particularly suited for emerging economies facing rapid urbanization challenges. The study further explores institutional and cultural barriers to BIM-GIS adoption, proposing strategic pathways for education, governance, and professional transformation. Ultimately, this research advances theoretical discourse on smart urbanism and provides actionable insights for architects, planners, and policymakers aiming to future-proof infrastructure through integrated digital-spatial methodologies.
References
A.-L. Balogun et al., "Assessing the potentials of digitalization as a tool for climate change adaptation and sustainable development in urban centres," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 53, p. 101888, 2020.
K. Al-Kodmany, The vertical city: a sustainable development model. WIT press, 2018.
M. Shahidehpour, Z. Li, and M. Ganji, "Smart cities for a sustainable urbanization: Illuminating the need for establishing smart urban infrastructures," IEEE Electrification magazine, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 16-33, 2018.
A. V. Nayak, "Smart Architectural Site Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS," 2024.
S. J. Quan, J. Park, A. Economou, and S. Lee, "Artificial intelligence-aided design: Smart design for sustainable city development," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 46, no. 8, pp. 1581-1599, 2019.
D. Jones, "Integrating building information modelling and geographic information systems for characterising urban risk and resilience—a proposed geospatial workflow," 2019.
K. Elbasheir Khalid Elbasheir, "Assessment of BIM Workflows for Construction Management: Case Study of Sevran Beaudottes Underground Station," Politecnico di Torino, 2022.
S. Liao, M.-H. Wen, and K.-H. Weng, "A knowledge conversion model based on the cognitive load theory for architectural design education," Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 2367-2385, 2017.
C. C. van Nooijen et al., "A cognitive load theory approach to understanding expert scaffolding of visual problem-solving tasks: A scoping review," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 36, no. 1, p. 12, 2024.
S. Sepp, S. J. Howard, S. Tindall-Ford, S. Agostinho, and F. Paas, "Cognitive load theory and human movement: Towards an integrated model of working memory," Educational Psychology Review, vol. 31, pp. 293-317, 2019.
J. O. Omisola, E. A. Etukudoh, O. K. Okenwa, O. A. Owulade, and L. R. Isi, "Review of Balancing Economic Growth with Environmental Sustainability in LNG Project Development," 2025.
J. O. Omisola, E. A. Etukudoh, O. K. Okenwa, and G. I. Tokunbo, "Pore-Scale Modeling of CO₂-Brine-Rock Interactions in Carbonate Reservoirs: Numerical and experimental evaluation of geochemical and Geomechanical changes occurring during CO₂ injection in carbonate formations," 2025.
T. Dissaux, "The Impact of Information Retrieval in Architectural Design: Cognitive Strategies for Navigating Parametric Design Environments," Universite de Liege (Belgium), 2024.
C. Hull, "Building with Data: Bridging Architectural Design Practices and Information Visualization," 2022.
D. Ćirić, "Design-data intelligence: Microhistories and diagrammatic reasoning," in Scale of design from micro to macro [Elektronski izvor]: from furniture design to urban design: conference proceedings/[Fourth] International Scientific Conference and Exhibition On Architecture, 2016: Belgrade: STRAND-Sustainable Urban Society Association, pp. 155-171.
U. Nwabekee, F. Okpeke, and A. E. Onalaja, "Modeling AI-enhanced customer experience: The role of chatbots and virtual assistants in contemporary marketing," World Scientific News, vol. 203, pp. 54–77 2025, doi: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wsn203.html.
O. A. Oluokun, O. Akinsooto, O. B. Ogundipe, and S. Ikemba, "Strategic policy implementation for enhanced energy efficiency in commercial buildings through Energy Performance Certificates (EPCS)," 2025.
A. Ahsan, "Integration of BIM and GIS for smart construction management," Politecnico di Torino, 2024.
P. Cureton and E. Hartley, Geodesign, Urban Digital Twins, and Futures. Taylor & Francis, 2025.
O. A. Oluokun, O. Akinsooto, O. B. Ogundipe, and S. Ikemba, "Policy strategies for promoting energy efficiency in residential load management programs," Gulf Journal of Advance Business Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 201-225, 2025.
O. A. Oluokun, O. Akinsooto, O. B. Ogundipe, and S. Ikemba, "Policy and technological synergies for advancing measurement and verification (M&V) in energy efficiency projects," Gulf Journal of Advance Business Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 226-251, 2025.
L. Huang, W. Xiang, J. Wu, C. Traxler, and J. Huang, "Integrating GeoDesign with landscape sustainability science," Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 3, p. 833, 2019.
M. Kalantari, C. Clemen, and M. Jadidi, BIM and 3D GIS Integration for Digital Twins: An Introduction. CRC Press, 2024.
S. Mazzetto, "A Review of Urban Digital Twins Integration, Challenges, and Future Directions in Smart City Development," Sustainability, vol. 16, no. 19, p. 8337, 2024.
P. B. Keenan and P. Jankowski, "Spatial decision support systems: Three decades on," Decision Support Systems, vol. 116, pp. 64-76, 2019.
R. Wen and S. Li, "Spatial decision support systems with automated machine learning: a review," ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 12, 2022.
C. I. Lawal, O. S. Adanigbo, F. S. Ezeh, S. C. Friday, and U. S. Ugbaja, "Advances in Business Entrepreneurship for Driving International Financial Technology Platform Expansion," 2025.
M. Irfan, A. Koj, M. Sedighi, and H. Thomas, "Design and development of a generic spatial decision support system, based on artificial intelligence and multicriteria decision analysis," GeoResJ, vol. 14, pp. 47-58, 2017.
V. Ferretti and G. Montibeller, "Key challenges and meta-choices in designing and applying multi-criteria spatial decision support systems," Decision Support Systems, vol. 84, pp. 41-52, 2016.
J. E. Ike, J. D. Kessie, H. E. Okaro, E. Ezeife, and T. Onibokun, "Identity and Access Management in Cloud Storage: A Comprehensive Guide," 2025.
A. A. Lawal, E. Ezeife, J. O. Akande, A. Olapade, and A. O. Olatunji, "Data Mining for Financial Fraud Detection: Techniques, Case Studies and Challenges," Asian Journal of Mathematics and Computer Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 36-51, 2025.
A. Aleti and I. Moser, "A systematic literature review of adaptive parameter control methods for evolutionary algorithms," ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 1-35, 2016.
H. Zhu and W. K. Wong, "An Overview of Adaptive Designs and Some of Their Challenges, Benefits, and Innovative Applications," Journal of medical Internet research, vol. 25, p. e44171, 2023.
S. C. Friday, O. S. Adanigbo, F. S. Ezeh, C. I. Lawal, and U. S. Ugbaja, "Entrepreneurship and Digital Product Monetization in Fintech: A Framework for Emerging Market Scalability," 2025.
P. Gbenle et al., "A privacy-preserving AI model for autonomous detection and masking of sensitive user data in contact center analytics " World Scientific News, pp. 154–193, 2025, doi: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wsn203.html.
O. Akinsooto, E. O. Ogunnowo, and C. C. Ezeanochie, "The Future of Electric Vehicles: Technological Innovations and Market Trends," 2025.
F. L. Erinjogunola, Z. Sikhakhane-Nwokediegwu, R. O. Ajirotutu, and R. K. Olayiwola, "Enhancing bridge safety through AI-driven predictive analytics," International Journal of Social Science Exceptional Research, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 10-26, 2025.
E. Ezeife, E. Kokogho, P. E. Odio, and M. O. Adeyanju, "Agile tax technology development in the US: A conceptual framework for scalable and efficient enterprise solutions," Gulf Journal of Advance Business Research, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 512-526, 2025.
A. Forkuo, T. Nihi, O. Ojo, C. Nwokedi, and O. Soyege, "Advances in AI and machine learning for antimicrobial resistance monitoring and healthcare diagnostics," World Scientific News, vol. 203 pp. 78–109, 2025, doi: http://www.worldscientificnews.com/wsn203.html.
S. A. Adio, R. O. Ajirotutu, R. K. Olayiwola, F. L. Erinjogunola, and Z. Sikhakhane-Nwokediegwu, "From Compliance to Competitive Advantage: The Strategic Role of HSE in Business Sustainability," 2025.
S. A. Adio, Z. Sikhakhane-Nwokediegwu, F. L. Erinjogunola, R. O. Ajirotutu, and R. K. Olayiwola, "Integrating AI in Public Transport Workforces: A Review of HR Challenges and Opportunities," 2025.
A. Abisoye, J. I. Akerele, P. E. Odio, A. Collins, G. O. Babatunde, and S. D. Mustapha, "Using AI and machine learning to predict and mitigate cybersecurity risks in critical infrastructure," International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 205-224, 2025.
S. A. Adio, R. O. Ajirotutu, R. K. Olayiwola, F. L. Erinjogunola, and Z. Sikhakhane-Nwokediegwu, "Engineering a Safer Future: How HSE Innovation is Transforming Infrastructure and Sustainability," 2025.
O. Akinsooto, E. Ogu, P. I. Egbumokei, I. N. Dienagha, and W. N. Digitemie, "Framework for Deep Learning Integration in Energy Grid Optimization to Enhance Efficiency and Reliability," Journal of Engineering Research and Reports, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 305-325, 2025.
F. L. Erinjogunola, Z. Sikhakhane-Nwokediegwu, R. Ajirotutu, and R. K. Olayiwola, "Navigating multi-national construction projects: Overcoming challenges," International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation. 2025b, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 52-67, 2025.
C. C. Ezeanochie, S. O. Afolabi, and O. Akinsooto, "Designing a Framework to Enhance Workforce Productivity Using Digital Gemba Audits and Signage Solutions," 2024.
E. Ezeife, M. E. Eyeregba, C. Mokogwu, and T. D. Olorunyomi, "A conceptual framework for data-driven business optimization: Enhancing operational efficiency and strategic growth in US small enterprises," 2024.
E. Ezeife, M. E. Eyeregba, C. Mokogwu, and T. D. Olorunyomi, "Integrating predictive analytics into strategic decision-making: A model for boosting profitability and longevity in small businesses across the United States," World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 2490-2507, 2024.
T. S. OYETUNJI, F. L. ERINJOGUNOLA, R. O. AJIROTUTU, A. B. ADEYEMI, T. C. OHAKAWA, and S. A. ADIO, "Development of a Smart AI-Enabled Digital Platform for End-to-End Affordable Housing Delivery," 2024.
A. Abisoye, "A Conceptual Framework for Integrating Artificial Intelligence into STEM Research Methodologies for Enhanced Innovation," 2024.
E. Dada, M. Eyeregba, C. Mokogwu, and T. D. Olorunyomi, "AI-Driven policy optimization for strengthening economic resilience and inclusive growth in Nigeria," Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Policy Making, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23-37, 2024.
C. S. Anyanwu, O. Akinsooto, O. B. Ogundipe, and S. Ikemba, "Net-zero energy buildings: A path to sustainable living," Engineering Heritage Journal (GWK), vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 81-87, 2024.
E. Dada, M. Eyeregba, C. Mokogwu, and T. D. Olorunyomi, "Advanced economic modeling for sustainable development and policy innovation in Nigeria," Journal of Economic Policy and Innovation, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 45-60, 2024.
O. Akpe, D. Kisina, O. S. Adanigbo, A. Uzoka, N. A. Ochuba, and T. Gbenle, "A conceptual framework for building cost-conscious CI/CD workflows in agile software teams," International Journal of Management and Organizational Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 135-142, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMOR.2023.2.2.135-142.
C. C. Ezeanochie, S. O. Afolabi, and O. Akinsooto, "Advancing Sustainable Engineering Through Design and Simulation for Reliable, Long-Life Electric Vehicle Components," International Journal of Sustainable Engineering Technologies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 144-159, 2023.
C. C. Ezeanochie, S. O. Afolabi, and O. Akinsooto, "A Data-Driven Model for Automating RFQ Processes in Power Distribution and Data Center Infrastructure," 2023.
D. Kisina, O. Akpe, S. Owoade, B. Ubanadu, T. Gbenle, and O. S. Adanigbo, "A conceptual framework for scalable microservices in real-time airline operations platforms," IRE Journals, vol. 6, no. 8, pp. 344–349, 2023, doi: https://irejournals.com/paper-details/1708125.
D. Kisina, O. Akpe, S. Owoade, B. Ubanadu, T. Gbenle, and O. Adanigbo, "Advances in continuous integration and deployment workflows across multi-team development pipelines.," International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, vol. 2, 1, pp. 990–994, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2022.2.1.990-994.
A. Abisoye, "Developing a Conceptual Framework for AI-Driven Curriculum Adaptation to Align with Emerging STEM Industry Demands," 2023.
D. Kisina, O. Akpe, S. Owoade, B. Ubanadu, T. Gbenle, and O. S. Adanigbo, "A conceptual framework for implementing zero trust principles in cloud and hybrid IT environments," IRE Journals, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 412–417, 2022, doi: https://irejournals.com/paper-details/1708124.
A. Abisoye, "AI Literacy in STEM Education: Policy Strategies for Preparing the Future Workforce," 2023.
O.-E. E. Akpe, D. Kisina, S. Owoade, A. Uzoka, and B. D. Ubanadu, AI, "Systematic review of application modernization strategies using modular and service-oriented design principles. ," International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 995-1001, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.54660/IJMRGE.2022.2.1.995-1001.
C. C. EZEANOCHIE, S. O. AFOLABI, and O. AKINSOOTO, "Advancing Automation Frameworks for Safety and Compliance in Offshore Operations and Manufacturing Environments," 2022.
J. O. Omisola, E. A. Etukudoh, O. K. Okenwa, and G. I. Tokunbo, "Innovating Project Delivery and Piping Design for Sustainability in the Oil and Gas Industry: A Conceptual Framework," perception, vol. 24, pp. 28-35, 2020.
D. Kisina, O. Akpe, N. A. Ochuba, B. Ubanadu, A. Daraojimba, and O. S. Adanigbo, "Advances in backend optimization techniques using caching, load distribution, and response time reduction," IRE Journals, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 467-472, 2021, doi: https://irejournals.com/paper-details/1708127.
D. Kisina, O. Akpe, S. Owoade, B. Ubanadu, T. Gbenle, and O. S. Adanigbo, "A conceptual framework for full-stack observability in modern distributed software systems," IRE Journals, vol. 4, no. 10, pp. 293–298, 2021, doi: https://irejournals.com/paper-details/1708126.
A. Abisoye, C. A. Udeh, and C. A. Okonkwo, "The Impact of AI-Powered Learning Tools on STEM Education Outcomes: A Policy Perspective," 2022.
T. S. Oyetunji, F. L. Erinjogunola, R. O. Ajirotutu, A. B. Adeyemi, T. C. Ohakawa, and S. A. Adio, "Developing Integrated Project Management Models for Large-Scale Affordable Housing Initiatives."
C. C. EZEANOCHIE, S. O. AFOLABI, and O. AKINSOOTO, "A Conceptual Model for Industry 4.0 Integration to Drive Digital Transformation in Renewable Energy Manufacturing," 2021.
O. Onifade, N. A. Ochuba, M. E. Eyeregba, A. Kalu, and F. S. Ezeh, "A Conceptual Model for Policy-to-Practice Alignment in Financial Reporting and Operational Oversight."
G. O. Osho, J. O. Omisola, and J. O. Shiyanbola, "An Integrated AI-Power BI Model for Real-Time Supply Chain Visibility and Forecasting: A Data-Intelligence Approach to Operational Excellence."
T. S. Oyetunji, F. L. Erinjogunola, R. O. Ajirotutu, A. B. Adeyemi, T. C. Ohakawa, and S. A. Adio, "Predictive AI Models for Maintenance Forecasting and Energy Optimization in Smart Housing Infrastructure."
T. S. Oyetunji, F. L. Erinjogunola, R. O. Ajirotutu, A. B. Adeyemi, T. C. Ohakawa, and S. A. Adio, "Designing Smart Building Management Systems for Sustainable and Cost-Efficient Housing."
J. O. Omisola, E. A. Etukudoh, O. K. Okenwa, and G. I. Tokunbo, "Geosteering Real-Time Geosteering Optimization Using Deep Learning Algorithms Integration of Deep Reinforcement Learning in Real-time Well Trajectory Adjustment to Maximize Reservoir Contact and Productivity."
J. O. Omisola, J. O. Shiyanbola, and G. O. Osho, "A Predictive Quality Assurance Model Using Lean Six Sigma: Integrating FMEA, SPC, and Root Cause Analysis for Zero-Defect Production Systems."
J. O. Omisola, J. O. Shiyanbola, and G. O. Osho, "A Systems-Based Framework for ISO 9000 Compliance: Applying Statistical Quality Control and Continuous Improvement Tools in US Manufacturing."
G. O. Osho, J. O. Omisola, and J. O. Shiyanbola, "A Conceptual Framework for AI-Driven Predictive Optimization in Industrial Engineering: Leveraging Machine Learning for Smart Manufacturing Decisions."
E. Ogbuefi, A. C. Mgbame, O.-E. E. Akpe, A. A. Abayomi, and O. O. Adeyelu, "Operationalizing SME Growth through Real-Time Data Visualization and Analytics."
J. O. Omisola, P. E. Chima, O. K. Okenwa, and G. I. Tokunbo, "Green Financing and Investment Trends in Sustainable LNG Projects A Comprehensive Review."
A. T. Idowu et al., "Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Services: A Review of Challenges and Opportunities."
A. Kalu, N. A. Ochuba, M. E. Eyeregba, O. Onifade, and F. S. Ezeh, "Advances in Regulatory Compliance and Grant Reporting Using Agile Tools in Mission-Focused Organizations."
F. S. Ezeh, O. S. Adanigbo, U. S. Ugbaja, C. I. Lawal, and S. C. Friday, "Systematic Review of Digital Transformation Strategies in Legacy Banking and Payments Infrastructure."
E. Ezeife, "AI-Driven Tax Technology in the United States: A Business Analytics Framework for Compliance and Efficiency."
M. E. Eyeregba, "Strategic Framework for Driving Business Growth and Revenue Optimization in Multinational Aviation Corporations."
M. E. Eyeregba, N. A. Ochuba, A. Kalu, O. Onifade, and F. S. Ezeh, "Systematic Review of Business Intelligence and Analytics Platforms for Program Evaluation and Budget Accountability," management, vol. 10, p. 11.
O. E. Adesemoye, E. C. Chukwuma-Eke, C. I. Lawal, N. J. Isibor, A. O. Akintobi, and F. S. Ezeh, "Integrating Digital Currencies into Traditional Banking to Streamline Transactions and Compliance."
O. Akinsooto, E. O. Ogunnowo, and C. C. Ezeanochie, "The Evolution of Electric Vehicles: A Review of USA and Global Trends."
O. S. Adanigbo, F. S. Ezeh, U. S. Ugbaja, C. I. Lawal, and S. C. Friday, "A Conceptual Model for Stakeholder Engagement and Cross-Functional Collaboration in Fintech Product Development," innovation, vol. 19, p. 20.
O. S. Adanigbo, F. S. Ezeh, U. S. Ugbaja, C. I. Lawal, and S. C. Friday, "Advances in Blockchain and IoT Applications for Secure, Transparent, and Scalable Digital Financial Transactions," institutions, vol. 28, p. 30.
A. Abisoye, J. I. Akerele, P. E. Odio, A. Collins, G. O. Babatunde, and S. D. Mustapha, "A data-driven approach to strengthening cybersecurity policies in government agencies: Best practices and case studies," International Journal of Cybersecurity and Policy Studies.(pending publication).
